What's the best way to convert a number to a string in JavaScript?

In my opinion n.toString() takes the prize for its clarity, and I don't think it carries any extra overhead.

Explicit conversions are very clear to someone that's new to the language. Using type coercion, as others have suggested, leads to ambiguity if a developer is not aware of the coercion rules. Ultimately developer time is more costly than CPU time, so I'd optimize for the former at the cost of the latter. That being said, in this case the difference is likely negligible, but if not I'm sure there are some decent JavaScript compressors that will optimize this sort of thing.

So, for the above reasons I'd go with: n.toString() or String(n). String(n) is probably a better choice because it won't fail if n is null or undefined.

The below are the methods to convert an Integer to String in JS.

The methods are arranged in the decreasing order of performance in chrome.

var num = 1

Method 1:

num = `${num}`

Method 2:

num = num + ''

Method 3:

num = String(num)

Method 4:

num = num.toString()

Note: You can't directly call toString() on a number. 2.toString() will throw Uncaught SyntaxError: Invalid or unexpected token.

(Performance test results are provided by @DarckBlezzer in his answer. Run it in your own browser to see the results for your setup)

Other answers already covered other options, but I prefer this one:

s = `${n}`

Short, succinct, already used in many other places (if you're using a modern framework / ES version) so it's a safe bet any programmer will understand it.

Not that it (usually) matters much, but it also seems to be among the fastest compared to other methods.

...JavaScript's parser tries to parse the dot notation on a number as a floating point literal.

2..toString(); // the second point is correctly recognized
2 .toString(); // note the space left to the dot
(2).toString(); // 2 is evaluated first

Source

Tongue-in-cheek obviously:

var harshNum = 108;
"".split.call(harshNum,"").join("");

Or in ES6 you could simply use template strings:

var harshNum = 108;
`${harshNum}`;

I used https://jsperf.app to create a test case for the following cases:

number + ''
`${number}`
String(number)
number.toString()

https://jsperf.app/yineye

As of 24th of July, 2018 the results say that number + '' is the fastest in Chrome, in Firefox that ties with template string literals.

Both String(number), and number.toString() are around 95% slower than the fastest option.

The simplest way to convert any variable to a string is to add an empty string to that variable.

5.41 + ''    // Result: the string '5.41'
Math.PI + '' // Result: the string '3.141592653589793'

I recommended `${expression}` because you don't need to worry about errors.

[undefined,null,NaN,true,false,"2","",3].forEach(elem=>{
  console.log(`${elem}`, typeof(`${elem}`))
})

/* output
undefined string
null      string
NaN       string
true      string
false     string
2         string
          string
3         string
*/

Below you can test the speed. but the order will affect the result. (in StackOverflow) you can test it on your platform.

const testCases = [
  ["${n}", (n) => `${n}`], // 👈
  ['----', undefined],

  [`"" + n`, (n) => "" + n],
  [`'' + n`, (n) => '' + n],
  [`\`\` + n`, (n) => `` + n],
  [`n + ''`, (n) => n + ''],
  ['----', undefined],

  [`String(n)`, (n) =>  String(n)],
  ["${n}", (n) => `${n}`], // 👈

  ['----', undefined],
  [`(n).toString()`, (n) => (n).toString()],
  [`n.toString()`, (n) => n.toString()],

]

for (const [name, testFunc] of testCases) {
  if (testFunc === undefined) {
    console.log(name)
    continue
  }
  console.time(name)
  for (const n of [...Array(1000000).keys()]) {
    testFunc(n)
  }
  console.timeEnd(name)
}

I'm going to re-edit this with more data when I have time to, for right now this is fine...

Test in nodejs v8.11.2: 2018/06/06

let i=0;
    console.time("test1")
    for(;i<10000000;i=i+1){
    	const string = "" + 1234;
    }
    console.timeEnd("test1")
    
    i=0;
    console.time("test1.1")
    for(;i<10000000;i=i+1){
    	const string = '' + 1234;
    }
    console.timeEnd("test1.1")
    
    i=0;
    console.time("test1.2")
    for(;i<10000000;i=i+1){
    	const string = `` + 1234;
    }
    console.timeEnd("test1.2")
    
    i=0;
    console.time("test1.3")
    for(;i<10000000;i=i+1){
    	const string = 1234 +  '';
    }
    console.timeEnd("test1.3")
    
    
    i=0;
    console.time("test2")
    for(;i<10000000;i=i+1){
    	const string = (1234).toString();
    }
    console.timeEnd("test2")
    
    
    i=0;
    console.time("test3")
    for(;i<10000000;i=i+1){
    	const string = String(1234);
    }
    console.timeEnd("test3")
    
    
    i=0;
    console.time("test4")
    for(;i<10000000;i=i+1){
    	const string = `${1234}`;
    }
    console.timeEnd("test4")
    
    i=0;
    console.time("test5")
    for(;i<10000000;i=i+1){
    	const string = 1234..toString();
    }
    console.timeEnd("test5")
    
    i=0;
    console.time("test6")
    for(;i<10000000;i=i+1){
    	const string = 1234 .toString();
    }
    console.timeEnd("test6")

output

test1: 72.268ms
test1.1: 61.086ms
test1.2: 66.854ms
test1.3: 63.698ms
test2: 207.912ms
test3: 81.987ms
test4: 59.752ms
test5: 213.136ms
test6: 204.869ms

If you need to format the result to a specific number of decimal places, for example to represent currency, you need something like the toFixed() method.

number.toFixed( [digits] )

digits is the number of digits to display after the decimal place.

The only valid solution for almost all possible existing and future cases (input is number, null, undefined, Symbol, anything else) is String(x). Do not use 3 ways for simple operation, basing on value type assumptions, like "here I convert definitely number to string and here definitely boolean to string".

Explanation:

String(x) handles nulls, undefined, Symbols, [anything] and calls .toString() for objects.

'' + x calls .valueOf() on x (casting to number), throws on Symbols, can provide implementation dependent results.

x.toString() throws on nulls and undefined.

Note: String(x) will still fail on prototype-less objects like Object.create(null).

If you don't like strings like 'Hello, undefined' or want to support prototype-less objects, use the following type conversion function:

/**
 * Safely casts any value to string. Null and undefined are converted to ''.
 * @param  {*} value
 * @return {string}
 */
function string (str) {
  return value == null ? '' : (typeof value === 'object' && !value.toString ? '[object]' : String(value));
}

With number literals, the dot for accessing a property must be distinguished from the decimal dot. This leaves you with the following options if you want to invoke to String() on the number literal 123:

123..toString()
123 .toString() // space before the dot 123.0.toString()
(123).toString()

I like the first two since they're easier to read. I tend to use String(n) but it is just a matter of style than anything else.

That is unless you have a line as

var n = 5;
console.log ("the number is: " + n);

which is very self explanatory

I think it depends on the situation but anyway you can use the .toString() method as it is very clear to understand.

.toString() is the built-in typecasting function, I'm no expert to that details but whenever we compare built-in type casting verse explicit methodologies, built-in workarounds always preferred.

If I had to take everything into consideration, I will suggest following

var myint = 1;
var mystring = myint + '';
/*or int to string*/
myint = myint + ''

IMHO, its the fastest way to convert to string. Correct me if I am wrong.

Method toFixed() will also solves the purpose.

var n = 8.434332;
n.toFixed(2)  // 8.43

Just use template literal syntax:

`${this.num}`

If you are curious as to which is the most performant check this out where I compare all the different Number -> String conversions.

Looks like 2+'' or 2+"" are the fastest.

https://jsperf.com/int-2-string

We can also use the String constructor. According to this benchmark it's the fastest way to convert a Number to String in Firefox 58 even though it's slower than " + num in the popular browser Google Chrome.

You can call Number object and then call toString().

Number.call(null, n).toString()

You may use this trick for another javascript native objects.

Just come across this recently, method 3 and 4 are not appropriate because how the strings are copied and then put together. For a small program this problem is insignificant, but for any real web application this action where we have to deal with frequency string manipulations can affects the performance and readability.

Here is the link the read.

It seems similar results when using node.js. I ran this script:

let bar;
let foo = ["45","foo"];

console.time('string concat testing');
for (let i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
    bar = "" + foo;
}
console.timeEnd('string concat testing');


console.time("string obj testing");
for (let i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
    bar = String(foo);
}
console.timeEnd("string obj testing");

console.time("string both");
for (let i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
    bar = "" + foo + "";
}
console.timeEnd("string both");

and got the following results:

❯ node testing.js
string concat testing: 2802.542ms
string obj testing: 3374.530ms
string both: 2660.023ms

Similar times each time I ran it.