Android Studio : Error parsing XML, failed to build application

Question

When i'm trying to build my application it gives me the following to errors.

Error:(21) Error parsing XML: not well-formed (invalid token) Error:Execution failed for task ':app:processDebugResources'.

com.android.ide.common.process.ProcessException: Failed to execute aapt

Here is my XML code, and this is the only XML code, please help me.

package com.example.madhur.calculator;

import android.app.Activity;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.Button;
import android.widget.TextView;

public class InnerWorkings extends Activity implements View.OnClickListener {

    TextView tvvresults;
    Button bvBackSpace, bvClear, bvPlusMinus, bvRoot, bvDivision, bvMultiply, bvSubtract, bvDot, bvEqual, bvAddition;
    Button bv0, bv1, bv2, bv3, bv4, bv5, bv6, bv7, bv8, bv9;
    int iResults, container, arithmaticCode, finalCalculation, remainder;

    protected void onCreate(Bundle calculations) {
        super.onCreate(calculations);

        Initialization();
    }

    private void Initialization() {

        tvvresults = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tvResults);

        bvBackSpace = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bBackSpace);
        bvClear = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bClear);
        bvPlusMinus = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bPlusMinus);
        bvRoot = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bRoot);
        bvDivision = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bDivision);
        bvMultiply = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bMultiply);
        bvSubtract = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bSubtract);
        bvDot = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bDot);
        bvEqual = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bEqual);
        bvAddition = (Button) findViewById(R.id.bAddition);
        bv0 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.b0);
        bv1 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.b1);
        bv2 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.b2);
        bv3 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.b3);
        bv4 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.b4);
        bv5 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.b5);
        bv6 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.b6);
        bv7 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.b7);
        bv8 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.b8);
        bv9 = (Button) findViewById(R.id.b9);

        bvBackSpace.setOnClickListener(this);
        bvClear.setOnClickListener(this);
        bvPlusMinus.setOnClickListener(this);
        bvRoot.setOnClickListener(this);
        bvDivision.setOnClickListener(this);
        bvMultiply.setOnClickListener(this);
        bvSubtract.setOnClickListener(this);
        bvDot.setOnClickListener(this);
        bvEqual.setOnClickListener(this);
        bvAddition.setOnClickListener(this);
        bv0.setOnClickListener(this);
        bv1.setOnClickListener(this);
        bv2.setOnClickListener(this);
        bv3.setOnClickListener(this);
        bv4.setOnClickListener(this);
        bv5.setOnClickListener(this);
        bv6.setOnClickListener(this);
        bv7.setOnClickListener(this);
        bv8.setOnClickListener(this);
        bv9.setOnClickListener(this);
    }

    public void onClick(View v) {
        switch (v.getId()) {
            case R.id.bBackSpace:
                remainder = iResults % 10;
                iResults = iResults - remainder;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.bClear:
                iResults = 0;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.bPlusMinus:
                iResults = iResults * (-1);
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.bRoot:

                break;
            case R.id.bDivision:
                arithmaticCode = 1;
                container = iResults;
                iResults = 0;
                break;
            case R.id.bMultiply:
                arithmaticCode = 2;
                container = iResults;
                iResults = 0;
                break;
            case R.id.bSubtract:
                arithmaticCode = 3;
                container = iResults;
                iResults = 0;
                break;
            case R.id.bDot:

                break;
            case R.id.bEqual:
                Calculations();
                break;
            case R.id.bAddition:
                arithmaticCode = 4;
                container = iResults;
                iResults = 0;
                break;
            case R.id.b0:
                iResults = (iResults * 10);
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.b1:
                iResults = (iResults * 10) + 1;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.b2:
                iResults = (iResults * 10) + 2;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.b3:
                iResults = (iResults * 10) + 3;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.b4:
                iResults = (iResults * 10) + 4;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.b5:
                iResults = (iResults * 10) + 5;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.b6:
                iResults = (iResults * 10) + 6;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.b7:
                iResults = (iResults * 10) + 7;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.b8:
                iResults = (iResults * 10) + 8;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
            case R.id.b9:
                iResults = (iResults * 10) + 9;
                tvvresults.setText(iResults);
                break;
        }
    }

    private void Calculations() {
        if (arithmaticCode == 1) {
            finalCalculation = container / iResults;
            tvvresults.setText(finalCalculation);
        }
        if (arithmaticCode == 2) {
            finalCalculation = container * iResults;
            tvvresults.setText(finalCalculation);
        }
        if (arithmaticCode == 3){
            finalCalculation = container - iResults;
            tvvresults.setText(finalCalculation);
        }
        if (arithmaticCode == 4){
            finalCalculation = container + iResults;
            tvvresults.setText(finalCalculation);
        }
    }
}

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:padding="20dp">

    <RelativeLayout
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content">

        <TextView
            android:gravity="center"
            android:textSize="20dp"
            android:text="0"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="30dp"
            android:id="@+id/tvResults" />

        <Button
            android:text="<---"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_marginTop="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@id/tvResults"
            android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
            android:layout_marginStart="21dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="C"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bClear"
            android:layout_below="@id/tvResults"
            android:layout_toEndOf="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_marginStart="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="21dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="+/-"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bPlusMinus"
            android:layout_below="@id/tvResults"
            android:layout_toStartOf="@id/bRoot"
            android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="21dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="-v"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bRoot"
            android:layout_marginEnd="21dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@id/tvResults"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true" />

        <Button
            android:text="7"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b7"
            android:layout_below="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
            android:layout_marginStart="21dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="8"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b8"
            android:layout_below="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_toEndOf="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_marginStart="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="9"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b9"
            android:layout_below="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_toStartOf="@id/bDivision"
            android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="/"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bDivision"
            android:layout_marginEnd="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="4"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b4"
            android:layout_below="@id/b7"
            android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
            android:layout_marginStart="21dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="5"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b5"
            android:layout_below="@id/b8"
            android:layout_toEndOf="@id/b4"
            android:layout_marginStart="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="6"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b6"
            android:layout_below="@id/b9"
            android:layout_toStartOf="@id/bMultiply"
            android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="*"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bMultiply"
            android:layout_marginEnd="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@id/bDivision"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="1"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b1"
            android:layout_below="@id/b4"
            android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
            android:layout_marginStart="21dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="2"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b2"
            android:layout_below="@id/b5"
            android:layout_toEndOf="@id/b4"
            android:layout_marginStart="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="3"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b3"
            android:layout_below="@id/b6"
            android:layout_toStartOf="@id/bSubtract"
            android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="-"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bSubtract"
            android:layout_marginEnd="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@id/bMultiply"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="0"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b0"
            android:layout_below="@id/b1"
            android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
            android:layout_marginStart="21dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="="
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bEqual"
            android:layout_below="@id/b3"
            android:layout_toStartOf="@id/bAddition"
            android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="+"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bAddition"
            android:layout_marginEnd="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@id/bSubtract"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="."
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bDot"
            android:layout_below="@id/b2"
            android:layout_toEndOf="@id/b1"
            android:layout_marginStart="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

    </RelativeLayout>
</LinearLayout>

due to android:text="<---" it is showing Error:(21) Error parsing XML: not well-formed (invalid token) — Nishant Pardamwar
– Nishant Pardamwar, Commented Aug 11, 2016 at 11:58

Arthur Noseda · Accepted Answer · 2016-08-11 11:58:40Z

1

Try replacing android:text="<---" by android:text="<---", on line 21.

answered Aug 11, 2016 at 11:58

Arthur Noseda

2,68421 silver badges29 bronze badges

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1 Comment

user781729 Over a year ago

The full error: The value of attribute "android:text" associated with an element type "TextView" must not contain the '<' character.

Community · Accepted Answer · 2017-05-23 10:28:40Z

0

In Your Layout XML with one of the button you are using

android:text="<---"

This will cause error as "<" has special meaning for XMLs, you must perform escaping there are only five:

    "   &quot;
    '   &apos;
    <   &lt;
    >   &gt;
    &   &amp;

android:text="<--"

refer link:

What characters do I need to escape in XML documents?

https://www.liquid-technologies.com/XML/EscapingData.aspx

edited May 23, 2017 at 10:28

CommunityBot

11 silver badge

answered Aug 11, 2016 at 12:22

Aditya Kumar Binju

214 bronze badges

Comments

Umesh · Accepted Answer · 2016-08-11 13:02:55Z

There are 2 errors in xml
 1. use "&lt;---" instead of "<---"
 2. in the id multiply, add, subtract, root add the "@+id/" before id ..
Solved xml for your problem.


<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:padding="20dp">

    <RelativeLayout
        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content">

        <TextView
            android:gravity="center"
            android:textSize="20dp"
            android:text="0"
            android:layout_width="match_parent"
            android:layout_height="30dp"
            android:id="@+id/tvResults" />

        <Button
            android:text="&lt;---"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_marginTop="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@id/tvResults"
            android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
            android:layout_marginStart="21dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="C"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bClear"
            android:layout_below="@id/tvResults"
            android:layout_toEndOf="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_marginStart="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="21dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="+/-"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bPlusMinus"
            android:layout_below="@id/tvResults"
            android:layout_toStartOf="@+id/bRoot"
            android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="21dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="-v"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bRoot"
            android:layout_marginEnd="21dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@id/tvResults"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true" />

        <Button
            android:text="7"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b7"
            android:layout_below="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
            android:layout_marginStart="21dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="8"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b8"
            android:layout_below="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_toEndOf="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_marginStart="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="9"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b9"
            android:layout_below="@id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_toStartOf="@+id/bDivision"
            android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="/"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bDivision"
            android:layout_marginEnd="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@+id/bBackSpace"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="4"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b4"
            android:layout_below="@id/b7"
            android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
            android:layout_marginStart="21dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="5"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b5"
            android:layout_below="@id/b8"
            android:layout_toEndOf="@id/b4"
            android:layout_marginStart="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="6"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b6"
            android:layout_below="@id/b9"
            android:layout_toStartOf="@+id/bMultiply"
            android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="*"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bMultiply"
            android:layout_marginEnd="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@id/bDivision"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="1"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b1"
            android:layout_below="@id/b4"
            android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
            android:layout_marginStart="21dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="2"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b2"
            android:layout_below="@id/b5"
            android:layout_toEndOf="@id/b4"
            android:layout_marginStart="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="3"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b3"
            android:layout_below="@id/b6"
            android:layout_toStartOf="@+id/bSubtract"
            android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="-"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bSubtract"
            android:layout_marginEnd="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@+id/bMultiply"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="0"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/b0"
            android:layout_below="@id/b1"
            android:layout_alignParentStart="true"
            android:layout_marginStart="21dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="="
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bEqual"
            android:layout_below="@id/b3"
            android:layout_toStartOf="@+id/bAddition"
            android:layout_marginEnd="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp" />

        <Button
            android:text="+"
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bAddition"
            android:layout_marginEnd="21dp"
            android:layout_below="@id/bSubtract"
            android:layout_alignParentEnd="true"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

        <Button
            android:text="."
            android:textStyle="bold"
            android:layout_width="60dp"
            android:layout_height="60dp"
            android:id="@+id/bDot"
            android:layout_below="@id/b2"
            android:layout_toEndOf="@id/b1"
            android:layout_marginStart="20dp"
            android:layout_marginTop="20dp"/>

    </RelativeLayout>
</LinearLayout>

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