I have code:
string text = sampleTextBox.Text;
and I'm wondering in what encoding text is? Is it utf16 (as it is string) or maybe it is my operating system encoding?
It's all Unicode, basically - there's no conversion between the .NET textual types (char/string) and binary going on, so there's no encoding to worry about.
You potentially need to worry about surrogate pairs to get from the UTF-16 textual representation of char and string to full UTF-32, but that's slightly different to the normal encoding issues.
Philosophically, a textbox contains text, not binary data. You should only be thinking about encodings when there's a conversion to a binary format - such as a file.