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Python's IDLE has 'Check Module' (Alt-X) to check the syntax which can be called without needing to run the code. Is there an equivalent way to do this in Emacs instead of running and executing the code?

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python -m py_compile script.py
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You can use Pyflakes together with Flymake in order to get instant notification when your python code is valid (and avoids a few common pitfalls as well).

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The domain plope.org in this URL does not exist anymore, hence the documentation is not anymore available.
I updated it to an archive.org version. Hopefully this gets you the info you need :)
Yes but even better is to copy here the relevant stuff.
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Or from emacs (or vim) you could run python -c 'import x' where x is the name of your file minus the .py extension.

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You can use pylint for such things and there seems to be a way to integrate it into emacs, but I've never done the latter b/c I'm a vim user.

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You can use pylint, pychecker, pyflakes etc. from Emacs' compile command (M-x compile).

Hint: bind a key (say, F5) to recompile.

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