In a TableView, can I format an entire rows cells based on one cell's value?

Assuming you have a statusProperty() method defined in your Step class, and are using JavaFX 19 or later, you can use a table row factory. The following should give you the idea:

table.setRowFactory( _ -> new TableRow() {
    private final List<String> statusClasses = List.of(
        "enabled",
        "disabled",
        "running",
        "complete",
        "error"
    );
    {
        itemProperty().flatMap(Step::statusProperty).map(String::toLowerCase).subscribe(status -> {
            for (String s : statusClasses) {
                PsuedoClass pc = PseudoClass.getPseudoClass(s);
                pseudoClassStateChanged(pc, s.equals(status));
            }
        });
    }
});

and then use an external stylesheet with

.table-row-cell:enabled {
    -fx-text-fill: black;
}

.table-row-cell:disabled {
    -fx-text-fill: gray;
}

.table-row-cell:running {
    -fx-text-fill: blueviolet;
}

.table-row-cell:complete {
    -fx-text-fill: lime;
}

.table-row-cell:error {
    -fx-text-fill: red;
    -fx-background: pink;
}

.table-cell {
    -fx-text-fill: inherit;
}

Here is a minimal reproducible example demonstrating the idea. It looks slightly different as I implemented status as an enum, not a String. Use the CSS file above as style.css (in the same package as the application class).

import javafx.application.Application;
import javafx.beans.property.ObjectProperty;
import javafx.beans.property.SimpleObjectProperty;
import javafx.beans.property.SimpleStringProperty;
import javafx.beans.property.StringProperty;
import javafx.css.PseudoClass;
import javafx.scene.Scene;
import javafx.scene.control.TableColumn;
import javafx.scene.control.TableRow;
import javafx.scene.control.TableView;
import javafx.scene.layout.BorderPane;
import javafx.stage.Stage;

public class HelloApplication extends Application {
    @Override
    public void start(Stage stage) {
        TableView<Step> table = new TableView<>();
        TableColumn<Step, Step.Status> statusCol = new TableColumn<>("Status");
        statusCol.setCellValueFactory(data -> data.getValue().statusProperty());
        table.getColumns().add(statusCol);

        TableColumn<Step, String> descriptionCol = new TableColumn<>("Description");
        descriptionCol.setCellValueFactory(data -> data.getValue().descriptionProperty());
        table.getColumns().add(descriptionCol);

        table.setRowFactory( _ -> new TableRow<>() {
            {
                itemProperty().flatMap(Step::statusProperty).subscribe(currentStatus -> {
                    for (Step.Status status : Step.Status.values()) {
                        String statusName = status.toString().toLowerCase();
                        PseudoClass pc = PseudoClass.getPseudoClass(statusName);
                        pseudoClassStateChanged(pc, status == currentStatus);
                    }
                });
            }
        });

        for (int i = 0 ; i < 5; i++) {
            table.getItems().addAll(

                    new Step("Set stop offset Az to 0", Step.Status.ENABLED),
                    new Step("Set stop offset El to 0", Step.Status.ERROR),
                    new Step("Message", Step.Status.COMPLETE),
                    new Step("Message", Step.Status.RUNNING),
                    new Step("Disabled", Step.Status.DISABLED)
            );
        }
        Scene scene = new Scene(new BorderPane(table));
        scene.getStylesheets().add(getClass().getResource("style.css").toExternalForm());
        stage.setScene(scene);
        stage.show();
    }

    public static class Step {
        public enum Status {ENABLED, DISABLED, RUNNING, COMPLETE, ERROR}

        private final ObjectProperty<Status> status = new SimpleObjectProperty<>();
        private final StringProperty description = new SimpleStringProperty();

        public final Status getStatus() {
            return status.get();
        }

        public ObjectProperty<Status> statusProperty() {
            return status;
        }

        public final void setStatus(Status status) {
            this.status.set(status);
        }

        public final String getDescription() {
            return description.get();
        }

        public StringProperty descriptionProperty() {
            return description;
        }

        public final void setDescription(String description) {
            this.description.set(description);
        }

        public Step(String description, Status status) {
            setDescription(description);
            setStatus(status);
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        launch();
    }
}