Mysterious duplicate arrays in Python

Lists in Python are mutable sequences. This means that you can modify the elements of a list once it is created.

You are creating a list and assigning it to the variable 'tempArr'. Then in the first loop you are appending 'tempArr' to the 'res' list. Note that because lists are mutable, you are never changing what 'tempArr' is, you only modify its content, so you are adding three times the same list to 'res'. When you modify the 'tempArr' list, you modify all the lists inside 'res' (again, because they are the same list)

An explicit example you can play with is the following:

# Create a new list
tempArr = []
# Create a list containing the initial one (which is empty)
res = [tempArr]
# Now, lets modify the 'tempArr'
tempArr.append("This wasn't here before")
# Make your prediction on what will happen now:
print(res)

Another thing we can do is play with the 'is' comparison, in your code:

arr = [1,2,3]
tempArr = []
res = []
for num in range(0,3):
    tempArr.append(arr[num])
    res.append(tempArr)
    # Check if the element we have appended into 'res' is the 'tempArr' list. The result is always True.
    print(tempArr is res[-1])
    print(tempArr, res)
# Let's compare the three elements of the 'res' list and check if they are the same list, we see that they are.
print(res[0] is res[1] is res[2])

On the other hand, in the second loop, you are not appending the 'tempArr' list into 'res', you are first creating a new list by calling "list(tempArr)", and then appending this new list into 'res'. Now we can play a little bit with this:

tempArr = []
res = []
for num in range(0,3):
    tempArr.append(arr[num])
    res.append(list(tempArr))
    # Check if the element we have appended into 'res' is the 'tempArr' list.
    print(tempArr is res[-1])
    # This time the result is False. So we are not appending 'tempArr', but a new list with the same elements.
    print(tempArr, res)
# Let's compare again the three elements of the 'res' list and see if they are the same elements:
print(res[0] is res[1] is res[2])

As a consequence, because in the second loop we are creating new lists, when you modify the initial one, this doesn't affect the elements inside the 'res' list.