Node's built-in modules (such as path, fs and http) are only available in Node, not the browser. The msnodesqlv8 module makes use of fs, and most likely native code, so it too cannot run in the browser. This is one of the downsides of NPM being used for both back-end and front-end development - sometimes (especially for beginners) it's hard to tell which libraries work in which environments.
If you want to connect to a database from your front-end application, you have to expose it via HTTP - either by having a REST service of your own that delegates to the database, or potentially by using a database that has a REST service built-in.
Alternatively, if you don't need to make your data accessible from multiple machines, you can use some kind of browser-based storage to persist your data, such as localStorage or PouchDB. If you want to use SQL Server, though, you're going to have to take the REST route.