Update: as pointed out by an anonymous suggestion, this appears to have been fixed in the Data Explorer. However, there hasn't been a fixed re-release of the Data Dump yet.
This seems like a serious bug, causing a lot of expected data to be missing. The process for the Data Explorer and the Data Dumps is similar, and it looks like these posts are missing from both.
To validate your report, here's a query that can find the answers but not the missing question.
How many posts are affected?
The undocumented deactivatedusers search filter on the site can find us many other questions with deleted users. It says there that there are "525,715 questions from deactivated users" on Stack Overflow, before we even count answers or other sites on the network.
Update: It was difficult to confidently determine the full impact while the data was missing, but now that this is apparently fixed we can query the Data Explorer for the number of unowned posts and answers to unowned posts, which should pretty closely reflect what the impact was.
- Stack Overflow:
- 525,640 unowned questions of 24,235,690 total (2.2%)
- 450,467 unowned answers of 35,952,729 total (1.3%)
- 854,499 owned answers to unowned questions of 35,952,729 total (2.4%)
- 1,830,606 affected questions and answers of 60,188,419 total (3.0%)
- Mathematics:
- 79,878 unowned questions of 1,681,206 total (4.8%)
- 88,808 unowned answers of 2,193,826 total (4.0%)
- 109,134 owned answers to unowned questions of 2,193,826 total (5.0%)
- 277,820 affected questions and answers of 3,875,032 total (7.2%)
- Super User:
- 16,631 unowned questions of 512,140 total (3.2%)
- 22,320 unowned answers of 742,592 total (3.0%)
- 28,641 owned answers to unowned questions of 742,592 total (3.6%)
- 67,592 affected questions and answers of 1,254,732 total (5.4%)
- Meta Stack Exchange
- 4,824 unowned questions of 100,140 total (4.8%)
- 7,411 unowned answers of 151,456 total (4.9%)
- 8,753 owned answers to unowned questions of 151,456 total (5.8%)
- 20,988 affected questions and answers of 251,596 total (8.3%)
- Meta Stack Overflow:
- 1,734 unowned questions of 50,466 total (3.4%)
- 2,265 unowned answers of 66,483 total (3.4%)
- 3,140 owned answers to unowned questions of 66,483 total (4.7%)
- 7,139 affected questions and answers of 116,949 total (6.1%)
Answers to unowned questions are considered affected because, although they weren't missing, an answer on its own loses most of its value without the context of its question. This doesn't consider other post types or comments because those are less significant and the Data Explorer was giving me timeouts when I tried. This doesn't consider deleted questions (the PostsWithDeleted table) because I don't think the necessary information is available.
For anyone who saw the estimates I previously made while the bug was still present: my approach there was flawed, and although the results were in the right ballpark in some cases, they were very far off for others.
What tables are affected?
Here's a query that identifies how many rows using a given post ID are present in each table. It suggests that these are missing from Posts, PostsWithDeleted, and PostHistory but the associated rows are still present in PostFeedback, PostLinks, PostNotices, PostTags, Votes, SuggestedEdits, and ReviewTasks (there are a few other less-frequently-used tables I'm unsure of). Comments seems to be inconsistent - they're present for an answer I looked at, but not a question. Here are some other posts from deleted users for testing:
How long has this been happening?
Because the Stack Overflow data dumps are very large and slow to work with, I'm checking for the presence of questions 5138 and 21000 on 3D Printing (a small site) in recent Data Dump releases to see where this started happening. The post is not present in the latest (December 2024) release, but it is present in every other recent release I've checked, even though the user is not, suggesting that this is a new/recent change.
# December 2024
$ curl -LSs https://archive.org/download/stackexchange_20241231/stackexchange_20241231/3dprinting.stackexchange.com.7z/Posts.xml |
egrep -n '<row Id="(5138|21000)"'
# September 2024
$ curl -LSs https://archive.org/download/stackexchange_20240930/stackexchange_20240930/3dprinting.stackexchange.com.7z/Posts.xml |
egrep -n '<row Id="(5138|21000)"'
8333: <row Id="5138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-16T15:41:51.290" Score="7" ViewCount="404" Body="<p>Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use? </p>

<p>I want to print some gears with ABS. </p>

<ul>
<li>What will their lifespan be? How long will they last if I use them, for example, every day? </li>
</ul>
" OwnerDisplayName="user9350" LastEditorUserId="4762" LastEditDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" LastActivityDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" Title="Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use?" Tags="<3d-design><abs><quality><mechanics>" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
9685: <row Id="21000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2023-05-30T11:04:53.463" Score="0" ViewCount="344" Body="<p>I've got these strange vertical grooves on my print. They are, at some locations well feelable and at some locations they are completely gone. The printer is an Ender 5 Plus or based on it at least. I use a MicroSwiss Dual Gear Bowden extruder instead of the stock one. Are they from the extruder or from the belts? Or something completely different?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/2zXcP.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/2zXcP.jpg" alt="" /></a></p>
" OwnerDisplayName="user31236" LastEditorUserId="5740" LastEditDate="2023-05-30T17:51:02.050" LastActivityDate="2024-06-23T21:00:45.183" Title="Vertical repeating pattern" Tags="<print-quality>" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
# June 2024 (fixed)
$ curl -LsS https://archive.org/download/stackexchange_20240630_revised/stackexchange_20240630_revised/3dprinting.stackexchange.com.7z/Posts.xml |
egrep -n '<row Id="(5138|21000)"'
8245: <row Id="5138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-16T15:41:51.290" Score="7" ViewCount="404" Body="<p>Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use? </p>

<p>I want to print some gears with ABS. </p>

<ul>
<li>What will their lifespan be? How long will they last if I use them, for example, every day? </li>
</ul>
" OwnerDisplayName="user9350" LastEditorUserId="4762" LastEditDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" LastActivityDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" Title="Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use?" Tags="<3d-design><abs><quality><mechanics>" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
9573: <row Id="21000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2023-05-30T11:04:53.463" Score="0" ViewCount="319" Body="<p>I've got these strange vertical grooves on my print. They are, at some locations well feelable and at some locations they are completely gone. The printer is an Ender 5 Plus or based on it at least. I use a MicroSwiss Dual Gear Bowden extruder instead of the stock one. Are they from the extruder or from the belts? Or something completely different?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/2zXcP.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/2zXcP.jpg" alt="" /></a></p>
" OwnerDisplayName="user31236" LastEditorUserId="5740" LastEditDate="2023-05-30T17:51:02.050" LastActivityDate="2024-06-23T21:00:45.183" Title="Vertical repeating pattern" Tags="<print-quality>" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
# June 2024 (original)
$ curl -LsS https://archive.org/download/stackexchange_20240630/stackexchange_20240630/3dprinting.stackexchange.com.7z/Posts.xml |
egrep -n '<row Id="(5138|21000)"'
3587: <row Id="5138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-16T15:41:51.290" Score="7" ViewCount="403" Body="<p>Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use? </p>

<p>I want to print some gears with ABS. </p>

<ul>
<li>What will their lifespan be? How long will they last if I use them, for example, every day? </li>
</ul>
" OwnerDisplayName="user9350" LastEditorUserId="4762" LastEditDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" LastActivityDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" Title="Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use?" Tags="<3d-design><abs><quality><mechanics>" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
14380: <row Id="21000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2023-05-30T11:04:53.463" Score="0" ViewCount="304" Body="<p>I've got these strange vertical grooves on my print. They are, at some locations well feelable and at some locations they are completely gone. The printer is an Ender 5 Plus or based on it at least. I use a MicroSwiss Dual Gear Bowden extruder instead of the stock one. Are they from the extruder or from the belts? Or something completely different?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/2zXcP.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/2zXcP.jpg" alt="" /></a></p>
" OwnerDisplayName="user31236" LastEditorUserId="5740" LastEditDate="2023-05-30T17:51:02.050" LastActivityDate="2024-06-23T21:00:45.183" Title="Vertical repeating pattern" Tags="<print-quality>" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
# April 2024 (fixed)
$ curl -LsS https://archive.org/download/stackexchange_20240402_bis/3dprinting.stackexchange.com.7z/Posts.xml |
egrep -n '<row Id="(5138|21000)"'
3580: <row Id="5138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-16T15:41:51.290" Score="7" ViewCount="394" Body="<p>Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use? </p>

<p>I want to print some gears with ABS. </p>

<ul>
<li>What will their lifespan be? How long will they last if I use them, for example, every day? </li>
</ul>
" OwnerDisplayName="user9350" LastEditorUserId="4762" LastEditDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" LastActivityDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" Title="Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use?" Tags="|3d-design|abs|quality|mechanics|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
14386: <row Id="21000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2023-05-30T11:04:53.463" Score="0" ViewCount="224" Body="<p>I've got these strange vertical grooves on my print. They are, at some locations well feelable and at some locations they are completely gone. The printer is an Ender 5 Plus or based on it at least. I use a MicroSwiss Dual Gear Bowden extruder instead of the stock one. Are they from the extruder or from the belts? Or something completely different?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2zXcP.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2zXcP.jpg" alt="" /></a></p>
" OwnerDisplayName="user31236" LastEditorUserId="5740" LastEditDate="2023-05-30T17:51:02.050" LastActivityDate="2024-02-24T20:07:10.807" Title="Vertical repeating pattern" Tags="|print-quality|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
# April 2024 (original)
$ curl -LsS https://archive.org/download/stackexchange_20240402/3dprinting.stackexchange.com.7z/Posts.xml |
iconv -f utf-16 -t utf-8 | egrep -n '<row Id="(5138|21000)"'
4142:<row Id="5138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-16T15:41:51.290" Score="7" ViewCount="394" Body="<p>Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use? </p>

<p>I want to print some gears with ABS. </p>

<ul>
<li>What will their lifespan be? How long will they last if I use them, for example, every day? </li>
</ul>
" OwnerDisplayName="user9350" LastEditorUserId="4762" LastEditDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" LastActivityDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" Title="Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use?" Tags="|3d-design|abs|quality|mechanics|" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0"/>
17010:<row Id="21000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2023-05-30T11:04:53.463" Score="0" ViewCount="219" Body="<p>I've got these strange vertical grooves on my print. They are, at some locations well feelable and at some locations they are completely gone. The printer is an Ender 5 Plus or based on it at least. I use a MicroSwiss Dual Gear Bowden extruder instead of the stock one. Are they from the extruder or from the belts? Or something completely different?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2zXcP.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2zXcP.jpg" alt="" /></a></p>
" OwnerDisplayName="user31236" LastEditorUserId="5740" LastEditDate="2023-05-30T17:51:02.050" LastActivityDate="2024-02-24T20:07:10.807" Title="Vertical repeating pattern" Tags="|print-quality|" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0"/>
# March 2024
$ curl -LsS https://archive.org/download/stackexchange_20240305/3dprinting.stackexchange.com.7z/Posts.xml |
egrep -n '<row Id="(5138|21000)"'
3580: <row Id="5138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-16T15:41:51.290" Score="7" ViewCount="388" Body="<p>Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use? </p>

<p>I want to print some gears with ABS. </p>

<ul>
<li>What will their lifespan be? How long will they last if I use them, for example, every day? </li>
</ul>
" OwnerDisplayName="user9350" LastEditorUserId="4762" LastEditDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" LastActivityDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" Title="Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use?" Tags="<3d-design><abs><quality><mechanics>" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
14399: <row Id="21000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2023-05-30T11:04:53.463" Score="0" ViewCount="197" Body="<p>I've got these strange vertical grooves on my print. They are, at some locations well feelable and at some locations they are completely gone. The printer is an Ender 5 Plus or based on it at least. I use a MicroSwiss Dual Gear Bowden extruder instead of the stock one. Are they from the extruder or from the belts? Or something completely different?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2zXcP.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2zXcP.jpg" alt="" /></a></p>
" OwnerDisplayName="user31236" LastEditorUserId="5740" LastEditDate="2023-05-30T17:51:02.050" LastActivityDate="2024-02-24T20:07:10.807" Title="Vertical repeating pattern" Tags="<print-quality>" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
# December 2024
$ curl -LsS https://archive.org/download/stackexchange_20231208/3dprinting.stackexchange.com.7z/Posts.xml |
egrep -n '<row Id="(5138|21000)"'
3580: <row Id="5138" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2017-12-16T15:41:51.290" Score="7" ViewCount="375" Body="<p>Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use? </p>

<p>I want to print some gears with ABS. </p>

<ul>
<li>What will their lifespan be? How long will they last if I use them, for example, every day? </li>
</ul>
" OwnerDisplayName="user9350" LastEditorUserId="4762" LastEditDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" LastActivityDate="2018-08-08T00:10:26.543" Title="Are 3D printed gears applicable for industrial use?" Tags="<3d-design><abs><quality><mechanics>" AnswerCount="2" CommentCount="8" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
14428: <row Id="21000" PostTypeId="1" CreationDate="2023-05-30T11:04:53.463" Score="1" ViewCount="91" Body="<p>I've got these strange vertical grooves on my print. They are, at some locations well feelable and at some locations they are completely gone. The printer is an Ender 5 Plus or based on it at least. I use a MicroSwiss Dual Gear Bowden extruder instead of the stock one. Are they from the extruder or from the belts? Or something completely different?</p>
<p><a href="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2zXcP.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/2zXcP.jpg" alt="" /></a></p>
" OwnerUserId="31236" LastEditorUserId="5740" LastEditDate="2023-05-30T17:51:02.050" LastActivityDate="2023-10-27T19:05:30.643" Title="Vertical repeating pattern" Tags="<print-quality>" AnswerCount="1" CommentCount="1" ContentLicense="CC BY-SA 4.0" />
However, in the comments below Zoe indicates that they've found Stack Overflow posts that are missing in these same releases, so maybe it was already happening but to a more limited extent. (Update: this appears to have been a mix-up; previous data dumps were not affected.)
bugreport. You may want to un-mark my answer as accepted, and save that for a staff response later. (Or you can roll-back by edit if you'd prefer to leave this as a support question and create a different bug post instead.)