Accepted solution is right, but I copy here the full @AntonGuz answer from the "Stack Overflow" (very well explained):
Yes, there is. You can look in pub static to see how path to static
asset constructed.
How it works
Every asset is accessible from the page by itenter code heres
"RequireJS ID". It similar to real path, but varied.
For example file
http://magento.vg/static/adminhtml/Magento/backend/en_US/Magento_Theme/favicon.ico.
It's real path is
/app/code/Magento/Theme/view/adminhtml/web/favicon.ico. It's
RequireJS ID is Magento_Theme/favicon.ico. This means that file
could be accessible via require("text!Magento_Theme/favicon.ico") or
similar command.
You can find that RequireJS ID consist with module name and useful
part of path (after folder web).
How can I replace a file
So you have file
vendor/magento/module-payment/view/frontend/web/template/payment/cc-form.html
On the page it loaded with src as
http://magento.vg/static/frontend/Magento/luma/en_US/Magento_Payment/template/payment/cc-form.html
So its RequireJS ID is
Magento_Payment/template/payment/cc-form.html
Side note: Inside UI components stuff it equals to
Magento_Payment/payment/cc-form. Words "template" and ".html" are
added automatically.
And now you can replace this file for application via RequireJS config
var config = {
"map": {
"*": {
"Magento_Payment/template/payment/cc-form.html":
"<OwnBrand>_<OwnModule>/template/payment/cc-form.html"
}
}
};
This code snippet you place in requirejs-config.js file in your
module. That is all.
Perhaps it will help somebody to understand as it occurs.