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Timeline for Two circles and a pentagon

Current License: CC BY-SA 4.0

35 events
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Jul 4 at 21:45 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
MathJax improvements - used \text{...} to bring text onto same line as equation and save space
Jun 15 at 13:28 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Vain efforts at understanding blank line heights in concealed sections using >! etc
Jun 15 at 13:14 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
\dfrac for \frac and other readability corrections, spacing, etc.
Apr 21 at 13:28 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
More followability added
Apr 18 at 14:14 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Making algebra more followable
Apr 18 at 0:01 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
New diagram 2
Apr 17 at 23:53 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
New diagram
Apr 17 at 14:32 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Put digression in spoiler
Apr 17 at 12:58 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Better initial diagram
Apr 16 at 22:10 comment added Trunk @FirstName LastName Yet did it anyway as I couldn't follow neodne's neat solution.
Apr 16 at 22:02 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Tidying up
Apr 14 at 0:32 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Wrote 5 as integer quotient directly comparable to 121/25.
Apr 10 at 23:49 comment added Trunk @FirstName LastName No - educational though this puzzle was to me, not another pentagon !
Apr 10 at 23:36 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Tidied fractions, etc
Apr 10 at 23:15 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Simple geometry-based proof of Cos 36 added
Apr 10 at 23:13 comment added FirstName LastName as in my answer to PSE#131103 : funny to spot 8/5 here (there 21/13) as rational approximation for golden ratio Φ where numerator and denominator are two consecutive fibonacci numbers
Apr 10 at 23:02 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Simple geometry-based proof of Cos 36 added
Apr 10 at 13:48 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Added digression to explore pentagon geometry to find Cos 36 . . .
Apr 9 at 21:44 comment added Trunk Although the regular pentagon has enough geometric properties, e.g. overlapping parallelograms, to enable us to elicit the $\phi$ ratio between the diagonal and the edge length. Often wondered about US DoD obsession with this polygon . . . The USAF star, the DoD's very own HQ building, etc.
Apr 8 at 13:05 comment added Trunk My point is that extracting $\cos{\frac{\pi}{5}}$ from the geometry of the 36-72-72 triangle is not at all obvious or as easy as say extracting $\cos{\frac{\pi}{4}}$ from the 45-90-45 triangle or extracting $\cos{\frac{\pi}{3}}$ from the 60-90-30 triangle. It is far easier to obtain $\cos{\frac{\pi}{5}}$ in the algebraic manner suggested by Oscar Lanzi, i.e. using the double- and triple-angle formulae.
Apr 8 at 12:40 comment added PM 2Ring The golden ratio is everywhere in the pentagon. Both of the isosceles triangles it contains are "golden triangles", i.e., the ratio of the larger side to the smaller is the golden ratio, $\phi$. See cut-the-knot.org/pythagoras/cos36.shtml & cut-the-knot.org/do_you_know/GoldenRatioInRegularPentagon.shtml
Apr 8 at 11:25 comment added Trunk @PM 2Ring a (36°, 72°, 72°) isosceles triangle (a point of a pentagram) with base 1 has the other two sides equal to the golden ratio ... This is the very part that isn't so obvious to me !
Apr 8 at 3:05 comment added PM 2Ring Trunk, a (36°, 72°, 72°) isoceles triangle (a point of a pentagram) with base 1 has the other two sides equal to the golden ratio. Now drop a perpendicular from the apex...
Apr 7 at 11:31 comment added Trunk Handy, those proofs for exact values for multiples of $ \pi/10 $ and $ \pi / 18$ . I was casting about in vain for a geometrical means of getting $\sin{\pi/10}$ from an enclosed pentagon. I suppose it's there somewhere if you construct an elaborate diagram - but so far not found by me.
Apr 7 at 9:54 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Adjusted size of graphic
Apr 7 at 1:18 comment added Trunk So many things a man should do . . . !
Apr 6 at 22:42 comment added Oscar Lanzi Much better. There are many derivations of the trigonometric functiobs of multiple if $\pi/10$ (or multiples of 18°, if you will) on Math SE and they are also given in Wikipedia. You should familiarize yourself with them.
Apr 6 at 22:08 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Comment on 3-4-5 triangle occurrence.
Apr 6 at 21:59 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Amended "proof" provided.
Apr 6 at 21:59 comment added Trunk @Oscar Lanzi Alternate proof provided based on limiting case, i.e. $R_2 = R_1$.
Apr 6 at 19:37 comment added Oscar Lanzi Reposted due to typos. I would try to incorporate exact trigonometric values derivable from the geometric properties of the regular pentagon. You get $\sin A=\sqrt{(5−\sqrt5)/8}$ and $\cos A=(\sqrt5+1)/4$. You then must prove with these radicals that $R_2>R_1$.
Apr 6 at 17:33 comment added Pranay There are other answers with fewer calculations that don’t involve calculators.
Apr 6 at 15:00 history edited Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0
Coda on extent of calculations
S Apr 6 at 14:16 review First answers
Apr 7 at 8:02
S Apr 6 at 14:16 history answered Trunk CC BY-SA 4.0